Network Working Group Y. Goland Request for Comments: 2518 Microsoft Category: Standards Track E. Whitehead UC Irvine A. Faizi Netscape S. Carter D. Jensen Novell February 1999 HTTP Extensions for Distributed Authoring -- WEBDAV PROPOSED STANDARD Obsoleted by: 4918 This document has errata. Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the “Internet Official Protocol Standards” (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright © The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document specifies a set of methods, headers, and content-types ancillary to HTTP/1.1 for the management of resource properties, creation and management of resource collections, namespace manipulation, and resource locking (collision avoidance). Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Notational Conventions 3. Terminology 4. Data Model for Resource Properties 4.1 The Resource Property Model 4.2 Existing Metadata Proposals 4.3 Properties and HTTP Headers 4.4 Property Values 4.5 Property Names 4.6 Media Independent Links 5. Collections of Web Resources 5.1 HTTP URL Namespace Model 5.2 Collection Resources 5.3 Creation and Retrieval of Collection Resources 5.4 Source Resources and Output Resources 6. Locking 6.1 Exclusive Vs. Shared Locks 6.2 Required Support 6.3 Lock Tokens 6.4 opaquelocktoken Lock Token URI Scheme 6.4.1 Node Field Generation Without the IEEE 802 Address 6.5 Lock Capability Discovery 6.6 Active Lock Discovery 6.7 Usage Considerations 7. Write Lock 7.1 Methods Restricted by Write Locks 7.2 Write Locks and Lock Tokens 7.3 Write Locks and Properties 7.4 Write Locks and Null Resources 7.5 Write Locks and Collections 7.6 Write Locks and the If Request Header 7.6.1 Example - Write Lock 7.7 Write Locks and COPY/MOVE 7.8 Refreshing Write Locks 8. HTTP Methods for Distributed Authoring 8.1 PROPFIND 8.1.1 Example - Retrieving Named Properties 8.1.2 Example - Using allprop to Retrieve All Properties 8.1.3 Example - Using propname to Retrieve all Property Names 8.2 PROPPATCH 8.2.1 Status Codes for use with 207 (Multi-Status) 8.2.2 Example - PROPPATCH 8.3 MKCOL Method 8.3.1 Request 8.3.2 Status Codes 8.3.3 Example - MKCOL 8.4 GET, HEAD for Collections 8.5 POST for Collections 8.6 DELETE 8.6.1 DELETE for Non-Collection Resources 8.6.2 DELETE for Collections 8.7 PUT 8.7.1 PUT for Non-Collection Resources 8.7.2 PUT for Collections 8.8 COPY Method 8.8.1 COPY for HTTP/1.1 resources 8.8.2 COPY for Properties 8.8.3 COPY for Collections 8.8.4 COPY and the Overwrite Header 8.8.5 Status Codes 8.8.6 Example - COPY with Overwrite 8.8.7 Example - COPY with No Overwrite 8.8.8 Example - COPY of a Collection 8.9 MOVE Method 8.9.1 MOVE for Properties 8.9.2 MOVE for Collections 8.9.3 MOVE and the Overwrite Header 8.9.4 Status Codes 8.9.5 Example - MOVE of a Non-Collection 8.9.6 Example - MOVE of a Collection 8.10 LOCK Method 8.10.1 Operation 8.10.2 The Effect of Locks on Properties and Collections 8.10.3 Locking Replicated Resources 8.10.4 Depth and Locking 8.10.5 Interaction with other Methods 8.10.6 Lock Compatibility Table 8.10.7 Status Codes 8.10.8 Example - Simple Lock Request 8.10.9 Example - Refreshing a Write Lock 8.10.10 Example - Multi-Resource Lock Request 8.11 UNLOCK Method 8.11.1 Example - UNLOCK 9. HTTP Headers for Distributed Authoring 9.1 DAV Header 9.2 Depth Header 9.3 Destination Header 9.4 If Header 9.4.1 No-tag-list Production 9.4.2 Tagged-list Production 9.4.3 not Production 9.4.4 Matching Function 9.4.5 If Header and Non-DAV Compliant Proxies 9.5 Lock-Token Header 9.6 Overwrite Header 9.7 Status-URI Response Header 9.8 Timeout Request Header 10. Status Code Extensions to HTTP/1.1 10.1 102 Processing 10.2 207 Multi-Status 10.3 422 Unprocessable Entity 10.4 423 Locked 10.5 424 Failed Dependency 10.6 507 Insufficient Storage 11. Multi-Status Response 12. XML Element Definitions 12.1 activelock XML Element 12.1.1 depth XML Element 12.1.2 locktoken XML Element 12.1.3 timeout XML Element 12.2 collection XML Element 12.3 href XML Element 12.4 link XML Element 12.4.1 dst XML Element 12.4.2 src XML Element 12.5 lockentry XML Element 12.6 lockinfo XML Element 12.7 lockscope XML Element 12.7.1 exclusive XML Element 12.7.2 shared XML Element 12.8 locktype XML Element 12.8.1 write XML Element 12.9 multistatus XML Element 12.9.1 response XML Element 12.9.2 responsedescription XML Element 12.10 owner XML Element 12.11 prop XML element 12.12 propertybehavior XML element 12.12.1 keepalive XML element 12.12.2 omit XML element 12.13 propertyupdate XML element 12.13.1 remove XML element 12.13.2 set XML element 12.14 propfind XML Element 12.14.1 allprop XML Element 12.14.2 propname XML Element 13. DAV Properties 13.1 creationdate Property 13.2 displayname Property 13.3 getcontentlanguage Property 13.4 getcontentlength Property 13.5 getcontenttype Property 13.6 getetag Property 13.7 getlastmodified Property 13.8 lockdiscovery Property 13.8.1 Example - Retrieving the lockdiscovery Property 13.9 resourcetype Property 13.10 source Property 13.10.1 Example - A source Property 13.11 supportedlock Property 13.11.1 Example - Retrieving the supportedlock Property 14. Instructions for Processing XML in DAV 15. DAV Compliance Classes 15.1 Class 1 15.2 Class 2 16. Internationalization Considerations 17. Security Considerations 17.1 Authentication of Clients 17.2 Denial of Service 17.3 Security through Obscurity 17.4 Privacy Issues Connected to Locks 17.5 Privacy Issues Connected to Properties 17.6 Reduction of Security due to Source Link 17.7 Implications of XML External Entities 17.8 Risks Connected with Lock Tokens 18. IANA Considerations 19. Intellectual Property 20. Acknowledgements 21. References 21.1 Normative References 21.2 Informational References 22. Authors' Addresses 23. Appendices 23.1 Appendix 1 - WebDAV Document Type Definition 23.2 Appendix 2 - ISO 8601 Date and Time Profile 23.3 Appendix 3 - Notes on Processing XML Elements 23.3.1 Notes on Empty XML Elements 23.3.2 Notes on Illegal XML Processing 23.4 Appendix 4 -- XML Namespaces for WebDAV 23.4.1 Introduction 23.4.2 Meaning of Qualified Names Index Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements 1. Introduction This document describes an extension to the HTTP/1.1 protocol that allows clients to perform remote web content authoring operations. This extension provides a coherent set of methods, headers, request entity body formats, and response entity body formats that provide operations for: Properties: The ability to create, remove, and query information about Web pages, such as their authors, creation dates, etc. Also, the ability to link pages of any media type to related pages. Collections: The ability to create sets of documents and to retrieve a hierarchical membership listing (like a directory listing in a file system). Locking: The ability to keep more than one person from working on a document at the same time. This prevents the "lost update problem," in which modifications are lost as first one author then another writes changes without merging the other author's changes. Namespace Operations: The ability to instruct the server to copy and move Web resources. Requirements and rationale for these operations are described in a companion document, "Requirements for a Distributed Authoring and Versioning Protocol for the World Wide Web" [RFC2291]. The sections below provide a detailed introduction to resource properties (Section 4), collections of resources (Section 5), and locking operations (Section 6). These sections introduce the abstractions manipulated by the WebDAV-specific HTTP methods described in Section 8, "HTTP Methods for Distributed Authoring". In HTTP/1.1, method parameter information was exclusively encoded in HTTP headers. Unlike HTTP/1.1, WebDAV encodes method parameter information either in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) [REC-XML] request entity body, or in an HTTP header. The use of XML to encode method parameters was motivated by the ability to add extra XML elements to existing structures, providing extensibility; and by XML's ability to encode information in ISO 10646 character sets, providing internationalization support. As a rule of thumb, parameters are encoded in XML entity bodies when they have unbounded length, or when they may be shown to a human user and hence require encoding in an ISO 10646 character set. Otherwise, parameters are encoded within HTTP headers. Section 9 describes the new HTTP headers used with WebDAV methods. In addition to encoding method parameters, XML is used in WebDAV to encode the responses from methods, providing the extensibility and internationalization advantages of XML for method output, as well as input. XML elements used in this specification are defined in Section 12. The XML namespace extension (Appendix 23.4) is also used in this specification in order to allow for new XML elements to be added without fear of colliding with other element names. While the status codes provided by HTTP/1.1 are sufficient to describe most error conditions encountered by WebDAV methods, there are some errors that do not fall neatly into the existing categories. New status codes developed for the WebDAV methods are defined in Section 10. Since some WebDAV methods may operate over many resources, the Multi-Status response has been introduced to return status information for multiple resources. The Multi-Status response is described in Section 11. WebDAV employs the property mechanism to store information about the current state of the resource. For example, when a lock is taken out on a resource, a lock information property describes the current state of the lock. Section 13 defines the properties used within the WebDAV specification. Finishing off the specification are sections on what it means to be compliant with this specification (Section 15), on internationalization support (Section 16), and on security (Section 17). 2. Notational Conventions Since this document describes a set of extensions to the HTTP/1.1 protocol, the augmented BNF used herein to describe protocol elements is exactly the same as described in section 2.1 of [RFC2068]. Since this augmented BNF uses the basic production rules provided in section 2.2 of [RFC2068], these rules apply to this document as well. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 3. Terminology URI/URL - A Uniform Resource Identifier and Uniform Resource Locator, respectively. These terms (and the distinction between them) are defined in [RFC2396]. Collection - A resource that contains a set of URIs, termed member URIs, which identify member resources and meets the requirements in Section 5 of this specification. Member URI - A URI which is a member of the set of URIs contained by a collection. Internal Member URI - A Member URI that is immediately relative to the URI of the collection (the definition of immediately relative is given in Section 5.2). Property - A name/value pair that contains descriptive information about a resource. Live Property - A property whose semantics and syntax are enforced by the server. For example, the live "getcontentlength" property has its value, the length of the entity returned by a GET request, automatically calculated by the server. Dead Property - A property whose semantics and syntax are not enforced by the server. The server only records the value of a dead property; the client is responsible for maintaining the consistency of the syntax and semantics of a dead property. Null Resource - A resource which responds with a 404 (Not Found) to any HTTP/1.1 or DAV method except for PUT, MKCOL, OPTIONS and LOCK. A NULL resource must not appear as a member of its parent collection. 4. Data Model for Resource Properties 4.1 The Resource Property Model Properties are pieces of data that describe the state of a resource. Properties are data about data. Properties are used in distributed authoring environments to provide for efficient discovery and management of resources. For example, a 'subject' property might allow for the indexing of all resources by their subject, and an 'author' property might allow for the discovery of what authors have written which documents. The DAV property model consists of name/value pairs. The name of a property identifies the property's syntax and semantics, and provides an address by which to refer to its syntax and semantics. There are two categories of properties: "live" and "dead". A live property has its syntax and semantics enforced by the server. Live properties include cases where a) the value of a property is read-only, maintained by the server, and b) the value of the property is maintained by the client, but the server performs syntax checking on submitted values. All instances of a given live property must comply with the definition associated with that property name. A dead property has its syntax and semantics enforced by the client; the server merely records the value of the property verbatim. 4.2 Existing Metadata Proposals Properties have long played an essential role in the maintenance of large document repositories, and many current proposals contain some notion of a property, or discuss web metadata more generally. These include PICS [REC-PICS], PICS-NG, XML, Web Collections, and several proposals on representing relationships within HTML. Work on PICS-NG and Web Collections has been subsumed by the Resource Description Framework (RDF) metadata activity of the World Wide Web Consortium. RDF consists of a network-based data model and an XML representation of that model. Some proposals come from a digital library perspective. These include the Dublin Core [RFC2413] metadata set and the Warwick Framework [WF], a container architecture for different metadata schemas. The literature includes many examples of metadata, including MARC [USMARC], a bibliographic metadata format, and a technical report bibliographic format employed by the Dienst system [RFC1807]. Additionally, the proceedings from the first IEEE Metadata conference describe many community-specific metadata sets. Participants of the 1996 Metadata II Workshop in Warwick, UK [WF], noted that "new metadata sets will develop as the networked infrastructure matures" and "different communities will propose, design, and be responsible for different types of metadata." These observations can be corroborated by noting that many community-specific sets of metadata already exist, and there is significant motivation for the development of new forms of metadata as many communities increasingly make their data available in digital form, requiring a metadata format to assist data location and cataloging. 4.3 Properties and HTTP Headers Properties already exist, in a limited sense, in HTTP message headers. However, in distributed authoring environments a relatively large number of properties are needed to describe the state of a resource, and setting/returning them all through HTTP headers is inefficient. Thus a mechanism is needed which allows a principal to identify a set of properties in which the principal is interested and to set or retrieve just those properties. 4.4 Property Values The value of a property when expressed in XML must be well formed. XML has been chosen because it is a flexible, self-describing, structured data format that supports rich schema definitions, and because of its support for multiple character sets. XML's self-describing nature allows any property's value to be extended by adding new elements. Older clients will not break when they encounter extensions because they will still have the data specified in the original schema and will ignore elements they do not understand. XML's support for multiple character sets allows any human-readable property to be encoded and read in a character set familiar to the user. XML's support for multiple human languages, using the "xml:lang" attribute, handles cases where the same character set is employed by multiple human languages. 4.5 Property Names A property name is a universally unique identifier that is associated with a schema that provides information about the syntax and semantics of the property. Because a property's name is universally unique, clients can depend upon consistent behavior for a particular property across multiple resources, on the same and across different servers, so long as that property is "live" on the resources in question, and the implementation of the live property is faithful to its definition. The XML namespace mechanism, which is based on URIs [RFC2396], is used to name properties because it prevents namespace collisions and provides for varying degrees of administrative control. The property namespace is flat; that is, no hierarchy of properties is explicitly recognized. Thus, if a property A and a property A/B exist on a resource, there is no recognition of any relationship between the two properties. It is expected that a separate specification will eventually be produced which will address issues relating to hierarchical properties. Finally, it is not possible to define the same property twice on a single resource, as this would cause a collision in the resource's property namespace. 4.6 Media Independent Links Although HTML resources support links to other resources, the Web needs more general support for links between resources of any media type (media types are also known as MIME types, or content types). WebDAV provides such links. A WebDAV link is a special type of property value, formally defined in Section 12.4, that allows typed connections to be established between resources of any media type. The property value consists of source and destination Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs); the property name identifies the link type. 5. Collections of Web Resources This section provides a description of a new type of Web resource, the collection, and discusses its interactions with the HTTP URL namespace. The purpose of a collection resource is to model collection-like objects (e.g., file system directories) within a server's namespace. All DAV compliant resources must support the HTTP URL namespace model specified herein. 5.1 HTTP URL Namespace Model The HTTP URL namespace is a hierarchical namespace where the hierarchy is delimited with the "/" character. An HTTP URL namespace is said to be consistent if it meets the following conditions: for every URL in the HTTP hierarchy there exists a collection that contains that URL as an internal member. The root, or top-level collection of the namespace under consideration is exempt from the previous rule. Neither HTTP/1.1 nor WebDAV require that the entire HTTP URL namespace be consistent. However, certain WebDAV methods are prohibited from producing results that cause namespace inconsistencies. Although implicit in [RFC2068] and [RFC2396], any resource, including collection resources, may be identified by more than one URI. For example, a resource could be identified by multiple HTTP URLs. 5.2 Collection Resources A collection is a resource whose state consists of at least a list of internal member URIs and a set of properties, but which may have additional state such as entity bodies returned by GET. An internal member URI must be immediately relative to a base URI of the collection. That is, the internal member URI is equal to a containing collection's URI plus an additional segment for non-collection resources, or additional segment plus trailing slash "/" for collection resources, where segment is defined in section 3.3 of [RFC2396]. Any given internal member URI must only belong to the collection once, i.e., it is illegal to have multiple instances of the same URI in a collection. Properties defined on collections behave exactly as do properties on non-collection resources. For all WebDAV compliant resources A and B, identified by URIs U and V, for which U is immediately relative to V, B must be a collection that has U as an internal member URI. So, if the resource with URL http://foo.com/bar/blah is WebDAV compliant and if the resource with URL http://foo.com/bar/ is WebDAV compliant then the resource with URL http://foo.com/bar/ must be a collection and must contain URL http://foo.com/bar/blah as an internal member. Collection resources may list the URLs of non-WebDAV compliant children in the HTTP URL namespace hierarchy as internal members but are not required to do so. For example, if the resource with URL http://foo.com/bar/blah is not WebDAV compliant and the URL http://foo.com/bar/ identifies a collection then URL http://foo.com/bar/blah may or may not be an internal member of the collection with URL http://foo.com/bar/. If a WebDAV compliant resource has no WebDAV compliant children in the HTTP URL namespace hierarchy then the WebDAV compliant resource is not required to be a collection. There is a standing convention that when a collection is referred to by its name without a trailing slash, the trailing slash is automatically appended. Due to this, a resource may accept a URI without a trailing "/" to point to a collection. In this case it should return a content-location header in the response pointing to the URI ending with the "/". For example, if a client invokes a method on http://foo.bar/blah (no trailing slash), the resource http://foo.bar/blah/ (trailing slash) may respond as if the operation were invoked on it, and should return a content-location header with http://foo.bar/blah/ in it. In general clients should use the "/" form of collection names. A resource may be a collection but not be WebDAV compliant. That is, the resource may comply with all the rules set out in this specification regarding how a collection is to behave without necessarily supporting all methods that a WebDAV compliant resource is required to support. In such a case the resource may return the DAV:resourcetype property with the value DAV:collection but must not return a DAV header containing the value "1" on an OPTIONS response. 5.3 Creation and Retrieval of Collection Resources This document specifies the MKCOL method to create new collection resources, rather than using the existing HTTP/1.1 PUT or POST method, for the following reasons: In HTTP/1.1, the PUT method is defined to store the request body at the location specified by the Request-URI. While a description format for a collection can readily be constructed for use with PUT, the implications of sending such a description to the server are undesirable. For example, if a description of a collection that omitted some existing resources were PUT to a server, this might be interpreted as a command to remove those members. This would extend PUT to perform DELETE functionality, which is undesirable since it changes the semantics of PUT, and makes it difficult to control DELETE functionality with an access control scheme based on methods. While the POST method is sufficiently open-ended that a "create a collection" POST command could be constructed, this is undesirable because it would be difficult to separate access control for collection creation from other uses of POST. The exact definition of the behavior of GET and PUT on collections is defined later in this document. 5.4 Source Resources and Output Resources For many resources, the entity returned by a GET method exactly matches the persistent state of the resource, for example, a GIF file stored on a disk. For this simple case, the URI at which a resource is accessed is identical to the URI at which the source (the persistent state) of the resource is accessed. This is also the case for HTML source files that are not processed by the server prior to transmission. However, the server can sometimes process HTML resources before they are transmitted as a return entity body. For example, a server-side-include directive within an HTML file might instruct a server to replace the directive with another value, such as the current date. In this case, what is returned by GET (HTML plus date) differs from the persistent state of the resource (HTML plus directive). Typically there is no way to access the HTML resource containing the unprocessed directive. Sometimes the entity returned by GET is the output of a data-producing process that is described by one or more source resources (that may not even have a location in the URI namespace). A single data-producing process may dynamically generate the state of a potentially large number of output resources. An example of this is a CGI script that describes a "finger" gateway process that maps part of the namespace of a server into finger requests, such as http://www.foo.bar.org/finger_gateway/user@host. In the absence of distributed authoring capabilities, it is acceptable to have no mapping of source resource(s) to the URI namespace. In fact, preventing access to the source resource(s) has desirable security benefits. However, if remote editing of the source resource(s) is desired, the source resource(s) should be given a location in the URI namespace. This source location should not be one of the locations at which the generated output is retrievable, since in general it is impossible for the server to differentiate requests for source resources from requests for process output resources. There is often a many-to-many relationship between source resources and output resources. On WebDAV compliant servers the URI of the source resource(s) may be stored in a link on the output resource with type DAV:source (see Section 13.10 for a description of the source link property). Storing the source URIs in links on the output resources places the burden of discovering the source on the authoring client. Note that the value of a source link is not guaranteed to point to the correct source. Source links may break or incorrect values may be entered. Also note that not all servers will allow the client to set the source link value. For example a server which generates source links on the fly for its CGI files will most likely not allow a client to set the source link value. 6. Locking The ability to lock a resource provides a mechanism for serializing access to that resource. Using a lock, an authoring client can provide a reasonable guarantee that another principal will not modify a resource while it is being edited. In this way, a client can prevent the "lost update" problem. This specification allows locks to vary over two client-specified parameters, the number of principals involved (exclusive vs. shared) and the type of access to be granted. This document defines locking for only one access type, write. However, the syntax is extensible, and permits the eventual specification of locking for other access types. 6.1 Exclusive Vs. Shared Locks The most basic form of lock is an exclusive lock. This is a lock where the access right in question is only granted to a single principal. The need for this arbitration results from a desire to avoid having to merge results. However, there are times when the goal of a lock is not to exclude others from exercising an access right but rather to provide a mechanism for principals to indicate that they intend to exercise their access rights. Shared locks are provided for this case. A shared lock allows multiple principals to receive a lock. Hence any principal with appropriate access can get the lock. With shared locks there are two trust sets that affect a resource. The first trust set is created by access permissions. Principals who are trusted, for example, may have permission to write to the resource. Among those who have access permission to write to the resource, the set of principals who have taken out a shared lock also must trust each other, creating a (typically) smaller trust set within the access permission write set. Starting with every possible principal on the Internet, in most situations the vast majority of these principals will not have write access to a given resource. Of the small number who do have write access, some principals may decide to guarantee their edits are free from overwrite conflicts by using exclusive write locks. Others may decide they trust their collaborators will not overwrite their work (the potential set of collaborators being the set of principals who have write permission) and use a shared lock, which informs their collaborators that a principal may be working on the resource. The WebDAV extensions to HTTP do not need to provide all of the communications paths necessary for principals to coordinate their activities. When using shared locks, principals may use any out of band communication channel to coordinate their work (e.g., face-to-face interaction, written notes, post-it notes on the screen, telephone conversation, Email, etc.) The intent of a shared lock is to let collaborators know who else may be working on a resource. Shared locks are included because experience from web distributed authoring systems has indicated that exclusive locks are often too rigid. An exclusive lock is used to enforce a particular editing process: take out an exclusive lock, read the resource, perform edits, write the resource, release the lock. This editing process has the problem that locks are not always properly released, for example when a program crashes, or when a lock owner leaves without unlocking a resource. While both timeouts and administrative action can be used to remove an offending lock, neither mechanism may be available when needed; the timeout may be long or the administrator may not be available. 6.2 Required Support A WebDAV compliant server is not required to support locking in any form. If the server does support locking it may choose to support any combination of exclusive and shared locks for any access types. The reason for this flexibility is that locking policy strikes to the very heart of the resource management and versioning systems employed by various storage repositories. These repositories require control over what sort of locking will be made available. For example, some repositories only support shared write locks while others only provide support for exclusive write locks while yet others use no locking at all. As each system is sufficiently different to merit exclusion of certain locking features, this specification leaves locking as the sole axis of negotiation within WebDAV. 6.3 Lock Tokens A lock token is a type of state token, represented as a URI, which identifies a particular lock. A lock token is returned by every successful LOCK operation in the lockdiscovery property in the response body, and can also be found through lock discovery on a resource. Lock token URIs must be unique across all resources for all time. This uniqueness constraint allows lock tokens to be submitted across resources and servers without fear of confusion. This specification provides a lock token URI scheme called opaquelocktoken that meets the uniqueness requirements. However resources are free to return any URI scheme so long as it meets the uniqueness requirements. Having a lock token provides no special access rights. Anyone can find out anyone else's lock token by performing lock discovery. Locks must be enforced based upon whatever authentication mechanism is used by the server, not based on the secrecy of the token values. 6.4 opaquelocktoken Lock Token URI Scheme The opaquelocktoken URI scheme is designed to be unique across all resources for all time. Due to this uniqueness quality, a client may submit an opaque lock token in an If header on a resource other than the one that returned it. All resources must recognize the opaquelocktoken scheme and, at minimum, recognize that the lock token does not refer to an outstanding lock on the resource. In order to guarantee uniqueness across all resources for all time the opaquelocktoken requires the use of the Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) mechanism, as described in [ISO-11578]. Opaquelocktoken generators, however, have a choice of how they create these tokens. They can either generate a new UUID for every lock token they create or they can create a single UUID and then add extension characters. If the second method is selected then the program generating the extensions must guarantee that the same extension will never be used twice with the associated UUID. OpaqueLockToken-URI = "opaquelocktoken:" UUID [Extension] ; The UUID production is the string representation of a UUID, as defined in [ISO-11578]. Note that white space (LWS) is not allowed between elements of this production. Extension = path ; path is defined in section 3.2.1 of RFC 2068 [RFC2068] 6.4.1 Node Field Generation Without the IEEE 802 Address UUIDs, as defined in [ISO-11578], contain a "node" field that contains one of the IEEE 802 addresses for the server machine. As noted in Section 17.8, there are several security risks associated with exposing a machine's IEEE 802 address. This section provides an alternate mechanism for generating the "node" field of a UUID which does not employ an IEEE 802 address. WebDAV servers may use this algorithm for creating the node field when generating UUIDs. The text in this section is originally from an Internet-Draft by Paul Leach and Rich Salz, who are noted here to properly attribute their work. The ideal solution is to obtain a 47 bit cryptographic quality random number, and use it as the low 47 bits of the node ID, with the most significant bit of the first octet of the node ID set to 1. This bit is the unicast/multicast bit, which will never be set in IEEE 802 addresses obtained from network cards; hence, there can never be a conflict between UUIDs generated by machines with and without network cards. If a system does not have a primitive to generate cryptographic quality random numbers, then in most systems there are usually a fairly large number of sources of randomness available from which one can be generated. Such sources are system specific, but often include: the percent of memory in use the size of main memory in bytes the amount of free main memory in bytes the size of the paging or swap file in bytes free bytes of paging or swap file the total size of user virtual address space in bytes the total available user address space bytes the size of boot disk drive in bytes the free disk space on boot drive in bytes the current time the amount of time since the system booted the individual sizes of files in various system directories the creation, last read, and modification times of files in various system directories the utilization factors of various system resources (heap, etc.) current mouse cursor position current caret position current number of running processes, threads handles or IDs of the desktop window and the active window the value of stack pointer of the caller the process and thread ID of caller various processor architecture specific performance counters (instructions executed, cache misses, TLB misses) (Note that it is precisely the above kinds of sources of randomness that are used to seed cryptographic quality random number generators on systems without special hardware for their construction.) In addition, items such as the computer's name and the name of the operating system, while not strictly speaking random, will help differentiate the results from those obtained by other systems. The exact algorithm to generate a node ID using these data is system specific, because both the data available and the functions to obtain them are often very system specific. However, assuming that one can concatenate all the values from the randomness sources into a buffer, and that a cryptographic hash function such as MD5 is available, then any 6 bytes of the MD5 hash of the buffer, with the multicast bit (the high bit of the first byte) set will be an appropriately random node ID. Other hash functions, such as SHA-1, can also be used. The only requirement is that the result be suitably random _ in the sense that the outputs from a set uniformly distributed inputs are themselves uniformly distributed, and that a single bit change in the input can be expected to cause half of the output bits to change. 6.5 Lock Capability Discovery Since server lock support is optional, a client trying to lock a resource on a server can either try the lock and hope for the best, or perform some form of discovery to determine what lock capabilities the server supports. This is known as lock capability discovery. Lock capability discovery differs from discovery of supported access control types, since there may be access control types without corresponding lock types. A client can determine what lock types the server supports by retrieving the supportedlock property. Any DAV compliant resource that supports the LOCK method must support the supportedlock property. 6.6 Active Lock Discovery If another principal locks a resource that a principal wishes to access, it is useful for the second principal to be able to find out who the first principal is. For this purpose the lockdiscovery property is provided. This property lists all outstanding locks, describes their type, and where available, provides their lock token. Any DAV compliant resource that supports the LOCK method must support the lockdiscovery property. 6.7 Usage Considerations Although the locking mechanisms specified here provide some help in preventing lost updates, they cannot guarantee that updates will never be lost. Consider the following scenario: Two clients A and B are interested in editing the resource ' index.html'. Client A is an HTTP client rather than a WebDAV client, and so does not know how to perform locking. Client A doesn't lock the document, but does a GET and begins editing. Client B does LOCK, performs a GET and begins editing. Client B finishes editing, performs a PUT, then an UNLOCK. Client A performs a PUT, overwriting and losing all of B's changes. There are several reasons why the WebDAV protocol itself cannot prevent this situation. First, it cannot force all clients to use locking because it must be compatible with HTTP clients that do not comprehend locking. Second, it cannot require servers to support locking because of the variety of repository implementations, some of which rely on reservations and merging rather than on locking. Finally, being stateless, it cannot enforce a sequence of operations like LOCK / GET / PUT / UNLOCK. WebDAV servers that support locking can reduce the likelihood that clients will accidentally overwrite each other's changes by requiring clients to lock resources before modifying them. Such servers would effectively prevent HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1 clients from modifying resources. WebDAV clients can be good citizens by using a lock / retrieve / write /unlock sequence of operations (at least by default) whenever they interact with a WebDAV server that supports locking. HTTP 1.1 clients can be good citizens, avoiding overwriting other clients' changes, by using entity tags in If-Match headers with any requests that would modify resources. Information managers may attempt to prevent overwrites by implementing client-side procedures requiring locking before modifying WebDAV resources. 7. Write Lock This section describes the semantics specific to the write lock type. The write lock is a specific instance of a lock type, and is the only lock type described in this specification. 7.1 Methods Restricted by Write Locks A write lock must prevent a principal without the lock from successfully executing a PUT, POST, PROPPATCH, LOCK, UNLOCK, MOVE, DELETE, or MKCOL on the locked resource. All other current methods, GET in particular, function independently of the lock. Note, however, that as new methods are created it will be necessary to specify how they interact with a write lock. 7.2 Write Locks and Lock Tokens A successful request for an exclusive or shared write lock must result in the generation of a unique lock token associated with the requesting principal. Thus if five principals have a shared write lock on the same resource there will be five lock tokens, one for each principal. 7.3 Write Locks and Properties While those without a write lock may not alter a property on a resource it is still possible for the values of live properties to change, even while locked, due to the requirements of their schemas. Only dead properties and live properties defined to respect locks are guaranteed not to change while write locked. 7.4 Write Locks and Null Resources It is possible to assert a write lock on a null resource in order to lock the name. A write locked null resource, referred to as a lock-null resource, must respond with a 404 (Not Found) or 405 (Method Not Allowed) to any HTTP/1.1 or DAV methods except for PUT, MKCOL, OPTIONS, PROPFIND, LOCK, and UNLOCK. A lock-null resource must appear as a member of its parent collection. Additionally the lock-null resource must have defined on it all mandatory DAV properties. Most of these properties, such as all the get* properties, will have no value as a lock-null resource does not support the GET method. Lock-Null resources must have defined values for lockdiscovery and supportedlock properties. Until a method such as PUT or MKCOL is successfully executed on the lock-null resource the resource must stay in the lock-null state. However, once a PUT or MKCOL is successfully executed on a lock-null resource the resource ceases to be in the lock-null state. If the resource is unlocked, for any reason, without a PUT, MKCOL, or similar method having been successfully executed upon it then the resource must return to the null state. 7.5 Write Locks and Collections A write lock on a collection, whether created by a "Depth: 0" or "Depth: infinity" lock request, prevents the addition or removal of member URIs of the collection by non-lock owners. As a consequence, when a principal issues a PUT or POST request to create a new resource under a URI which needs to be an internal member of a write locked collection to maintain HTTP namespace consistency, or issues a DELETE to remove a resource which has a URI which is an existing internal member URI of a write locked collection, this request must fail if the principal does not have a write lock on the collection. However, if a write lock request is issued to a collection containing member URIs identifying resources that are currently locked in a manner which conflicts with the write lock, the request must fail with a 423 (Locked) status code. If a lock owner causes the URI of a resource to be added as an internal member URI of a locked collection then the new resource must be automatically added to the lock. This is the only mechanism that allows a resource to be added to a write lock. Thus, for example, if the collection /a/b/ is write locked and the resource /c is moved to /a/b/c then resource /a/b/c will be added to the write lock. 7.6 Write Locks and the If Request Header If a user agent is not required to have knowledge about a lock when requesting an operation on a locked resource, the following scenario might occur. Program A, run by User A, takes out a write lock on a resource. Program B, also run by User A, has no knowledge of the lock taken out by Program A, yet performs a PUT to the locked resource. In this scenario, the PUT succeeds because locks are associated with a principal, not a program, and thus program B, because it is acting with principal A's credential, is allowed to perform the PUT. However, had program B known about the lock, it would not have overwritten the resource, preferring instead to present a dialog box describing the conflict to the user. Due to this scenario, a mechanism is needed to prevent different programs from accidentally ignoring locks taken out by other programs with the same authorization. In order to prevent these collisions a lock token must be submitted by an authorized principal in the If header for all locked resources that a method may interact with or the method must fail. For example, if a resource is to be moved and both the source and destination are locked then two lock tokens must be submitted, one for the source and the other for the destination. 7.6.1 Example - Write Lock >>Request COPY /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html If: () >>Response HTTP/1.1 204 No Content In this example, even though both the source and destination are locked, only one lock token must be submitted, for the lock on the destination. This is because the source resource is not modified by a COPY, and hence unaffected by the write lock. In this example, user agent authentication has previously occurred via a mechanism outside the scope of the HTTP protocol, in the underlying transport layer. 7.7 Write Locks and COPY/MOVE A COPY method invocation must not duplicate any write locks active on the source. However, as previously noted, if the COPY copies the resource into a collection that is locked with "Depth: infinity", then the resource will be added to the lock. A successful MOVE request on a write locked resource must not move the write lock with the resource. However, the resource is subject to being added to an existing lock at the destination, as specified in Section 7.5. For example, if the MOVE makes the resource a child of a collection that is locked with "Depth: infinity", then the resource will be added to that collection's lock. Additionally, if a resource locked with "Depth: infinity" is moved to a destination that is within the scope of the same lock (e.g., within the namespace tree covered by the lock), the moved resource will again be a added to the lock. In both these examples, as specified in Section 7.6, an If header must be submitted containing a lock token for both the source and destination. 7.8 Refreshing Write Locks A client must not submit the same write lock request twice. Note that a client is always aware it is resubmitting the same lock request because it must include the lock token in the If header in order to make the request for a resource that is already locked. However, a client may submit a LOCK method with an If header but without a body. This form of LOCK must only be used to "refresh" a lock. Meaning, at minimum, that any timers associated with the lock must be re-set. A server may return a Timeout header with a lock refresh that is different than the Timeout header returned when the lock was originally requested. Additionally clients may submit Timeout headers of arbitrary value with their lock refresh requests. Servers, as always, may ignore Timeout headers submitted by the client. If an error is received in response to a refresh LOCK request the client should assume that the lock was not refreshed. 8. HTTP Methods for Distributed Authoring The following new HTTP methods use XML as a request and response format. All DAV compliant clients and resources must use XML parsers that are compliant with [REC-XML]. All XML used in either requests or responses must be, at minimum, well formed. If a server receives ill-formed XML in a request it must reject the entire request with a 400 (Bad Request). If a client receives ill-formed XML in a response then it must not assume anything about the outcome of the executed method and should treat the server as malfunctioning. 8.1 PROPFIND The PROPFIND method retrieves properties defined on the resource identified by the Request-URI, if the resource does not have any internal members, or on the resource identified by the Request-URI and potentially its member resources, if the resource is a collection that has internal member URIs. All DAV compliant resources must support the PROPFIND method and the propfind XML element (section 12.14) along with all XML elements defined for use with that element. A client may submit a Depth header with a value of "0", "1", or "infinity" with a PROPFIND on a collection resource with internal member URIs. DAV compliant servers must support the "0", "1" and "infinity" behaviors. By default, the PROPFIND method without a Depth header must act as if a "Depth: infinity" header was included. A client may submit a propfind XML element in the body of the request method describing what information is being requested. It is possible to request particular property values, all property values, or a list of the names of the resource's properties. A client may choose not to submit a request body. An empty PROPFIND request body must be treated as a request for the names and values of all properties. All servers must support returning a response of content type text/xml or application/xml that contains a multistatus XML element that describes the results of the attempts to retrieve the various properties. If there is an error retrieving a property then a proper error result must be included in the response. A request to retrieve the value of a property which does not exist is an error and must be noted, if the response uses a multistatus XML element, with a response XML element which contains a 404 (Not Found) status value. Consequently, the multistatus XML element for a collection resource with member URIs must include a response XML element for each member URI of the collection, to whatever depth was requested. Each response XML element must contain an href XML element that gives the URI of the resource on which the properties in the prop XML element are defined. Results for a PROPFIND on a collection resource with internal member URIs are returned as a flat list whose order of entries is not significant. In the case of allprop and propname, if a principal does not have the right to know whether a particular property exists then the property should be silently excluded from the response. The results of this method should not be cached. 8.1.1 Example - Retrieving Named Properties >>Request PROPFIND /file HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.bar Content-type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.bar/file Box type A J.J. Johnson HTTP/1.1 200 OK HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden The user does not have access to the DingALing property. There has been an access violation error. In this example, PROPFIND is executed on a non-collection resource http://www.foo.bar/file. The propfind XML element specifies the name of four properties whose values are being requested. In this case only two properties were returned, since the principal issuing the request did not have sufficient access rights to see the third and fourth properties. 8.1.2 Example - Using allprop to Retrieve All Properties >>Request PROPFIND /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.bar Depth: 1 Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.bar/container/ Box type A Hadrian 1997-12-01T17:42:21-08:00 Example collection HTTP/1.1 200 OK http://www.foo.bar/container/front.html Box type B 1997-12-01T18:27:21-08:00 Example HTML resource 4525 text/html zzyzx Monday, 12-Jan-98 09:25:56 GMT HTTP/1.1 200 OK In this example, PROPFIND was invoked on the resource http://www.foo.bar/container/ with a Depth header of 1, meaning the request applies to the resource and its children, and a propfind XML element containing the allprop XML element, meaning the request should return the name and value of all properties defined on each resource. The resource http://www.foo.bar/container/ has six properties defined on it: http://www.foo.bar/boxschema/bigbox, http://www.foo.bar/boxschema/author, DAV:creationdate, DAV:displayname, DAV:resourcetype, and DAV:supportedlock. The last four properties are WebDAV-specific, defined in Section 13. Since GET is not supported on this resource, the get* properties (e.g., getcontentlength) are not defined on this resource. The DAV-specific properties assert that "container" was created on December 1, 1997, at 5:42:21PM, in a time zone 8 hours west of GMT (creationdate), has a name of "Example collection" (displayname), a collection resource type (resourcetype), and supports exclusive write and shared write locks (supportedlock). The resource http://www.foo.bar/container/front.html has nine properties defined on it: http://www.foo.bar/boxschema/bigbox (another instance of the "bigbox" property type), DAV:creationdate, DAV:displayname, DAV:getcontentlength, DAV:getcontenttype, DAV:getetag, DAV:getlastmodified, DAV:resourcetype, and DAV:supportedlock. The DAV-specific properties assert that "front.html" was created on December 1, 1997, at 6:27:21PM, in a time zone 8 hours west of GMT (creationdate), has a name of "Example HTML resource" (displayname), a content length of 4525 bytes (getcontentlength), a MIME type of "text/html" (getcontenttype), an entity tag of "zzyzx" (getetag), was last modified on Monday, January 12, 1998, at 09:25:56 GMT (getlastmodified), has an empty resource type, meaning that it is not a collection (resourcetype), and supports both exclusive write and shared write locks (supportedlock). 8.1.3 Example - Using propname to Retrieve all Property Names >>Request PROPFIND /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.bar Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.bar/container/ HTTP/1.1 200 OK http://www.foo.bar/container/front.html HTTP/1.1 200 OK In this example, PROPFIND is invoked on the collection resource http://www.foo.bar/container/, with a propfind XML element containing the propname XML element, meaning the name of all properties should be returned. Since no Depth header is present, it assumes its default value of "infinity", meaning the name of the properties on the collection and all its progeny should be returned. Consistent with the previous example, resource http://www.foo.bar/container/ has six properties defined on it, http://www.foo.bar/boxschema/bigbox, http://www.foo.bar/boxschema/author, DAV:creationdate, DAV:displayname, DAV:resourcetype, and DAV:supportedlock. The resource http://www.foo.bar/container/index.html, a member of the "container" collection, has nine properties defined on it, http://www.foo.bar/boxschema/bigbox, DAV:creationdate, DAV:displayname, DAV:getcontentlength, DAV:getcontenttype, DAV:getetag, DAV:getlastmodified, DAV:resourcetype, and DAV:supportedlock. This example also demonstrates the use of XML namespace scoping, and the default namespace. Since the "xmlns" attribute does not contain an explicit "shorthand name" (prefix) letter, the namespace applies by default to all enclosed elements. Hence, all elements which do not explicitly state the namespace to which they belong are members of the "DAV:" namespace schema. 8.2 PROPPATCH The PROPPATCH method processes instructions specified in the request body to set and/or remove properties defined on the resource identified by the Request-URI. All DAV compliant resources must support the PROPPATCH method and must process instructions that are specified using the propertyupdate, set, and remove XML elements of the DAV schema. Execution of the directives in this method is, of course, subject to access control constraints. DAV compliant resources should support the setting of arbitrary dead properties. The request message body of a PROPPATCH method must contain the propertyupdate XML element. Instruction processing must occur in the order instructions are received (i.e., from top to bottom). Instructions must either all be executed or none executed. Thus if any error occurs during processing all executed instructions must be undone and a proper error result returned. Instruction processing details can be found in the definition of the set and remove instructions in Section 12.13. 8.2.1 Status Codes for use with 207 (Multi-Status) The following are examples of response codes one would expect to be used in a 207 (Multi-Status) response for this method. Note, however, that unless explicitly prohibited any 2/3/4/5xx series response code may be used in a 207 (Multi-Status) response. 200 (OK) - The command succeeded. As there can be a mixture of sets and removes in a body, a 201 (Created) seems inappropriate. 403 (Forbidden) - The client, for reasons the server chooses not to specify, cannot alter one of the properties. 409 (Conflict) - The client has provided a value whose semantics are not appropriate for the property. This includes trying to set read-only properties. 423 (Locked) - The specified resource is locked and the client either is not a lock owner or the lock type requires a lock token to be submitted and the client did not submit it. 507 (Insufficient Storage) - The server did not have sufficient space to record the property. 8.2.2 Example - PROPPATCH >>Request PROPPATCH /bar.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.com Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Jim Whitehead Roy Fielding >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.com/bar.html HTTP/1.1 424 Failed Dependency HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict Copyright Owner can not be deleted or altered. In this example, the client requests the server to set the value of the http://www.w3.com/standards/z39.50/Authors property, and to remove the property http://www.w3.com/standards/z39.50/Copyright-Owner. Since the Copyright-Owner property could not be removed, no property modifications occur. The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code for the Authors property indicates this action would have succeeded if it were not for the conflict with removing the Copyright-Owner property. 8.3 MKCOL Method The MKCOL method is used to create a new collection. All DAV compliant resources must support the MKCOL method. 8.3.1 Request MKCOL creates a new collection resource at the location specified by the Request-URI. If the resource identified by the Request-URI is non-null then the MKCOL must fail. During MKCOL processing, a server must make the Request-URI a member of its parent collection, unless the Request-URI is "/". If no such ancestor exists, the method must fail. When the MKCOL operation creates a new collection resource, all ancestors must already exist, or the method must fail with a 409 (Conflict) status code. For example, if a request to create collection /a/b/c/d/ is made, and neither /a/b/ nor /a/b/c/ exists, the request must fail. When MKCOL is invoked without a request body, the newly created collection should have no members. A MKCOL request message may contain a message body. The behavior of a MKCOL request when the body is present is limited to creating collections, members of a collection, bodies of members and properties on the collections or members. If the server receives a MKCOL request entity type it does not support or understand it must respond with a 415 (Unsupported Media Type) status code. The exact behavior of MKCOL for various request media types is undefined in this document, and will be specified in separate documents. 8.3.2 Status Codes Responses from a MKCOL request must not be cached as MKCOL has non-idempotent semantics. 201 (Created) - The collection or structured resource was created in its entirety. 403 (Forbidden) - This indicates at least one of two conditions: 1) the server does not allow the creation of collections at the given location in its namespace, or 2) the parent collection of the Request-URI exists but cannot accept members. 405 (Method Not Allowed) - MKCOL can only be executed on a deleted/non-existent resource. 409 (Conflict) - A collection cannot be made at the Request-URI until one or more intermediate collections have been created. 415 (Unsupported Media Type)- The server does not support the request type of the body. 507 (Insufficient Storage) - The resource does not have sufficient space to record the state of the resource after the execution of this method. 8.3.3 Example - MKCOL This example creates a collection called /webdisc/xfiles/ on the server www.server.org. >>Request MKCOL /webdisc/xfiles/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.server.org >>Response HTTP/1.1 201 Created 8.4 GET, HEAD for Collections The semantics of GET are unchanged when applied to a collection, since GET is defined as, "retrieve whatever information (in the form of an entity) is identified by the Request-URI" [RFC2068]. GET when applied to a collection may return the contents of an "index.html" resource, a human-readable view of the contents of the collection, or something else altogether. Hence it is possible that the result of a GET on a collection will bear no correlation to the membership of the collection. Similarly, since the definition of HEAD is a GET without a response message body, the semantics of HEAD are unmodified when applied to collection resources. 8.5 POST for Collections Since by definition the actual function performed by POST is determined by the server and often depends on the particular resource, the behavior of POST when applied to collections cannot be meaningfully modified because it is largely undefined. Thus the semantics of POST are unmodified when applied to a collection. 8.6 DELETE 8.6.1 DELETE for Non-Collection Resources If the DELETE method is issued to a non-collection resource whose URIs are an internal member of one or more collections, then during DELETE processing a server must remove any URI for the resource identified by the Request-URI from collections which contain it as a member. 8.6.2 DELETE for Collections The DELETE method on a collection must act as if a "Depth: infinity" header was used on it. A client must not submit a Depth header with a DELETE on a collection with any value but infinity. DELETE instructs that the collection specified in the Request-URI and all resources identified by its internal member URIs are to be deleted. If any resource identified by a member URI cannot be deleted then all of the member's ancestors must not be deleted, so as to maintain namespace consistency. Any headers included with DELETE must be applied in processing every resource to be deleted. When the DELETE method has completed processing it must result in a consistent namespace. If an error occurs with a resource other than the resource identified in the Request-URI then the response must be a 207 (Multi-Status). 424 (Failed Dependency) errors should not be in the 207 (Multi-Status). They can be safely left out because the client will know that the ancestors of a resource could not be deleted when the client receives an error for the ancestor's progeny. Additionally 204 (No Content) errors should not be returned in the 207 (Multi-Status). The reason for this prohibition is that 204 (No Content) is the default success code. 8.6.2.1 Example - DELETE >>Request DELETE /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.bar >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.bar/container/resource3 HTTP/1.1 423 Locked In this example the attempt to delete http://www.foo.bar/container/resource3 failed because it is locked, and no lock token was submitted with the request. Consequently, the attempt to delete http://www.foo.bar/container/ also failed. Thus the client knows that the attempt to delete http://www.foo.bar/container/ must have also failed since the parent can not be deleted unless its child has also been deleted. Even though a Depth header has not been included, a depth of infinity is assumed because the method is on a collection. 8.7 PUT 8.7.1 PUT for Non-Collection Resources A PUT performed on an existing resource replaces the GET response entity of the resource. Properties defined on the resource may be recomputed during PUT processing but are not otherwise affected. For example, if a server recognizes the content type of the request body, it may be able to automatically extract information that could be profitably exposed as properties. A PUT that would result in the creation of a resource without an appropriately scoped parent collection must fail with a 409 (Conflict). 8.7.2 PUT for Collections As defined in the HTTP/1.1 specification [RFC2068], the "PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied Request-URI." Since submission of an entity representing a collection would implicitly encode creation and deletion of resources, this specification intentionally does not define a transmission format for creating a collection using PUT. Instead, the MKCOL method is defined to create collections. When the PUT operation creates a new non-collection resource all ancestors must already exist. If all ancestors do not exist, the method must fail with a 409 (Conflict) status code. For example, if resource /a/b/c/d.html is to be created and /a/b/c/ does not exist, then the request must fail. 8.8 COPY Method The COPY method creates a duplicate of the source resource, identified by the Request-URI, in the destination resource, identified by the URI in the Destination header. The Destination header must be present. The exact behavior of the COPY method depends on the type of the source resource. All WebDAV compliant resources must support the COPY method. However, support for the COPY method does not guarantee the ability to copy a resource. For example, separate programs may control resources on the same server. As a result, it may not be possible to copy a resource to a location that appears to be on the same server. 8.8.1 COPY for HTTP/1.1 resources When the source resource is not a collection the result of the COPY method is the creation of a new resource at the destination whose state and behavior match that of the source resource as closely as possible. After a successful COPY invocation, all properties on the source resource must be duplicated on the destination resource, subject to modifying headers and XML elements, following the definition for copying properties. Since the environment at the destination may be different than at the source due to factors outside the scope of control of the server, such as the absence of resources required for correct operation, it may not be possible to completely duplicate the behavior of the resource at the destination. Subsequent alterations to the destination resource will not modify the source resource. Subsequent alterations to the source resource will not modify the destination resource. 8.8.2 COPY for Properties The following section defines how properties on a resource are handled during a COPY operation. Live properties should be duplicated as identically behaving live properties at the destination resource. If a property cannot be copied live, then its value must be duplicated, octet-for-octet, in an identically named, dead property on the destination resource subject to the effects of the propertybehavior XML element. The propertybehavior XML element can specify that properties are copied on best effort, that all live properties must be successfully copied or the method must fail, or that a specified list of live properties must be successfully copied or the method must fail. The propertybehavior XML element is defined in Section 12.12. 8.8.3 COPY for Collections The COPY method on a collection without a Depth header must act as if a Depth header with value "infinity" was included. A client may submit a Depth header on a COPY on a collection with a value of "0" or "infinity". DAV compliant servers must support the "0" and "infinity" Depth header behaviors. A COPY of depth infinity instructs that the collection resource identified by the Request-URI is to be copied to the location identified by the URI in the Destination header, and all its internal member resources are to be copied to a location relative to it, recursively through all levels of the collection hierarchy. A COPY of "Depth: 0" only instructs that the collection and its properties but not resources identified by its internal member URIs, are to be copied. Any headers included with a COPY must be applied in processing every resource to be copied with the exception of the Destination header. The Destination header only specifies the destination URI for the Request-URI. When applied to members of the collection identified by the Request-URI the value of Destination is to be modified to reflect the current location in the hierarchy. So, if the Request- URI is /a/ with Host header value http://fun.com/ and the Destination is http://fun.com/b/ then when http://fun.com/a/c/d is processed it must use a Destination of http://fun.com/b/c/d. When the COPY method has completed processing it must have created a consistent namespace at the destination (see Section 5.1 for the definition of namespace consistency). However, if an error occurs while copying an internal collection, the server must not copy any resources identified by members of this collection (i.e., the server must skip this subtree), as this would create an inconsistent namespace. After detecting an error, the COPY operation should try to finish as much of the original copy operation as possible (i.e., the server should still attempt to copy other subtrees and their members, that are not descendents of an error-causing collection). So, for example, if an infinite depth copy operation is performed on collection /a/, which contains collections /a/b/ and /a/c/, and an error occurs copying /a/b/, an attempt should still be made to copy /a/c/. Similarly, after encountering an error copying a non-collection resource as part of an infinite depth copy, the server should try to finish as much of the original copy operation as possible. If an error in executing the COPY method occurs with a resource other than the resource identified in the Request-URI then the response must be a 207 (Multi-Status). The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code should not be returned in the 207 (Multi-Status) response from a COPY method. These responses can be safely omitted because the client will know that the progeny of a resource could not be copied when the client receives an error for the parent. Additionally 201 (Created)/204 (No Content) status codes should not be returned as values in 207 (Multi-Status) responses from COPY methods. They, too, can be safely omitted because they are the default success codes. 8.8.4 COPY and the Overwrite Header If a resource exists at the destination and the Overwrite header is "T" then prior to performing the copy the server must perform a DELETE with "Depth: infinity" on the destination resource. If the Overwrite header is set to "F" then the operation will fail. 8.8.5 Status Codes 201 (Created) - The source resource was successfully copied. The copy operation resulted in the creation of a new resource. 204 (No Content) - The source resource was successfully copied to a pre-existing destination resource. 403 (Forbidden) - The source and destination URIs are the same. 409 (Conflict) - A resource cannot be created at the destination until one or more intermediate collections have been created. 412 (Precondition Failed) - The server was unable to maintain the liveness of the properties listed in the propertybehavior XML element or the Overwrite header is "F" and the state of the destination resource is non-null. 423 (Locked) - The destination resource was locked. 502 (Bad Gateway) - This may occur when the destination is on another server and the destination server refuses to accept the resource. 507 (Insufficient Storage) - The destination resource does not have sufficient space to record the state of the resource after the execution of this method. 8.8.6 Example - COPY with Overwrite This example shows resource http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/index.html being copied to the location http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html. The 204 (No Content) status code indicates the existing resource at the destination was overwritten. >>Request COPY /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 204 No Content 8.8.7 Example - COPY with No Overwrite The following example shows the same copy operation being performed, but with the Overwrite header set to "F." A response of 412 (Precondition Failed) is returned because the destination resource has a non-null state. >>Request COPY /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html Overwrite: F >>Response HTTP/1.1 412 Precondition Failed 8.8.8 Example - COPY of a Collection >>Request COPY /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.bar Destination: http://www.foo.bar/othercontainer/ Depth: infinity Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx * >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.bar/othercontainer/R2/ HTTP/1.1 412 Precondition Failed The Depth header is unnecessary as the default behavior of COPY on a collection is to act as if a "Depth: infinity" header had been submitted. In this example most of the resources, along with the collection, were copied successfully. However the collection R2 failed, most likely due to a problem with maintaining the liveness of properties (this is specified by the propertybehavior XML element). Because there was an error copying R2, none of R2's members were copied. However no errors were listed for those members due to the error minimization rules given in Section 8.8.3. 8.9 MOVE Method The MOVE operation on a non-collection resource is the logical equivalent of a copy (COPY), followed by consistency maintenance processing, followed by a delete of the source, where all three actions are performed atomically. The consistency maintenance step allows the server to perform updates caused by the move, such as updating all URIs other than the Request-URI which identify the source resource, to point to the new destination resource. Consequently, the Destination header must be present on all MOVE methods and must follow all COPY requirements for the COPY part of the MOVE method. All DAV compliant resources must support the MOVE method. However, support for the MOVE method does not guarantee the ability to move a resource to a particular destination. For example, separate programs may actually control different sets of resources on the same server. Therefore, it may not be possible to move a resource within a namespace that appears to belong to the same server. If a resource exists at the destination, the destination resource will be DELETEd as a side-effect of the MOVE operation, subject to the restrictions of the Overwrite header. 8.9.1 MOVE for Properties The behavior of properties on a MOVE, including the effects of the propertybehavior XML element, must be the same as specified in Section 8.8.2. 8.9.2 MOVE for Collections A MOVE with "Depth: infinity" instructs that the collection identified by the Request-URI be moved to the URI specified in the Destination header, and all resources identified by its internal member URIs are to be moved to locations relative to it, recursively through all levels of the collection hierarchy. The MOVE method on a collection must act as if a "Depth: infinity" header was used on it. A client must not submit a Depth header on a MOVE on a collection with any value but "infinity". Any headers included with MOVE must be applied in processing every resource to be moved with the exception of the Destination header. The behavior of the Destination header is the same as given for COPY on collections. When the MOVE method has completed processing it must have created a consistent namespace at both the source and destination (see section 5.1 for the definition of namespace consistency). However, if an error occurs while moving an internal collection, the server must not move any resources identified by members of the failed collection (i.e., the server must skip the error-causing subtree), as this would create an inconsistent namespace. In this case, after detecting the error, the move operation should try to finish as much of the original move as possible (i.e., the server should still attempt to move other subtrees and the resources identified by their members, that are not descendents of an error-causing collection). So, for example, if an infinite depth move is performed on collection /a/, which contains collections /a/b/ and /a/c/, and an error occurs moving /a/b/, an attempt should still be made to try moving /a/c/. Similarly, after encountering an error moving a non-collection resource as part of an infinite depth move, the server should try to finish as much of the original move operation as possible. If an error occurs with a resource other than the resource identified in the Request-URI then the response must be a 207 (Multi-Status). The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code should not be returned in the 207 (Multi-Status) response from a MOVE method. These errors can be safely omitted because the client will know that the progeny of a resource could not be moved when the client receives an error for the parent. Additionally 201 (Created)/204 (No Content) responses should NOT be returned as values in 207 (Multi-Status) responses from a MOVE. These responses can be safely omitted because they are the default success codes. 8.9.3 MOVE and the Overwrite Header If a resource exists at the destination and the Overwrite header is "T" then prior to performing the move the server must perform a DELETE with "Depth: infinity" on the destination resource. If the Overwrite header is set to "F" then the operation will fail. 8.9.4 Status Codes 201 (Created) - The source resource was successfully moved, and a new resource was created at the destination. 204 (No Content) - The source resource was successfully moved to a pre-existing destination resource. 403 (Forbidden) - The source and destination URIs are the same. 409 (Conflict) - A resource cannot be created at the destination until one or more intermediate collections have been created. 412 (Precondition Failed) - The server was unable to maintain the liveness of the properties listed in the propertybehavior XML element or the Overwrite header is "F" and the state of the destination resource is non-null. 423 (Locked) - The source or the destination resource was locked. 502 (Bad Gateway) - This may occur when the destination is on another server and the destination server refuses to accept the resource. 8.9.5 Example - MOVE of a Non-Collection This example shows resource http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/index.html being moved to the location http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html. The contents of the destination resource would have been overwritten if the destination resource had been non-null. In this case, since there was nothing at the destination resource, the response code is 201 (Created). >>Request MOVE /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 201 Created Location: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html 8.9.6 Example - MOVE of a Collection >>Request MOVE /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.foo.bar Destination: http://www.foo.bar/othercontainer/ Overwrite: F If: () () Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx * >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.foo.bar/othercontainer/C2/ HTTP/1.1 423 Locked In this example the client has submitted a number of lock tokens with the request. A lock token will need to be submitted for every resource, both source and destination, anywhere in the scope of the method, that is locked. In this case the proper lock token was not submitted for the destination http://www.foo.bar/othercontainer/C2/. This means that the resource /container/C2/ could not be moved. Because there was an error copying /container/C2/, none of /container/C2's members were copied. However no errors were listed for those members due to the error minimization rules given in Section 8.8.3. User agent authentication has previously occurred via a mechanism outside the scope of the HTTP protocol, in an underlying transport layer. 8.10 LOCK Method The following sections describe the LOCK method, which is used to take out a lock of any access type. These sections on the LOCK method describe only those semantics that are specific to the LOCK method and are independent of the access type of the lock being requested. Any resource which supports the LOCK method must, at minimum, support the XML request and response formats defined herein. 8.10.1 Operation A LOCK method invocation creates the lock specified by the lockinfo XML element on the Request-URI. Lock method requests should have a XML request body which contains an owner XML element for this lock request, unless this is a refresh request. The LOCK request may have a Timeout header. Clients must assume that locks may arbitrarily disappear at any time, regardless of the value given in the Timeout header. The Timeout header only indicates the behavior of the server if "extraordinary" circumstances do not occur. For example, an administrator may remove a lock at any time or the system may crash in such a way that it loses the record of the lock's existence. The response must contain the value of the lockdiscovery property in a prop XML element. In order to indicate the lock token associated with a newly created lock, a Lock-Token response header must be included in the response for every successful LOCK request for a new lock. Note that the Lock-Token header would not be returned in the response for a successful refresh LOCK request because a new lock was not created. 8.10.2 The Effect of Locks on Properties and Collections The scope of a lock is the entire state of the resource, including its body and associated properties. As a result, a lock on a resource must also lock the resource's properties. For collections, a lock also affects the ability to add or remove members. The nature of the effect depends upon the type of access control involved. 8.10.3 Locking Replicated Resources A resource may be made available through more than one URI. However locks apply to resources, not URIs. Therefore a LOCK request on a resource must not succeed if can not be honored by all the URIs through which the resource is addressable. 8.10.4 Depth and Locking The Depth header may be used with the LOCK method. Values other than 0 or infinity must not be used with the Depth header on a LOCK method. All resources that support the LOCK method must support the Depth header. A Depth header of value 0 means to just lock the resource specified by the Request-URI. If the Depth header is set to infinity then the resource specified in the Request-URI along with all its internal members, all the way down the hierarchy, are to be locked. A successful result must return a single lock token which represents all the resources that have been locked. If an UNLOCK is successfully executed on this token, all associated resources are unlocked. If the lock cannot be granted to all resources, a 409 (Conflict) status code must be returned with a response entity body containing a multistatus XML element describing which resource(s) prevented the lock from being granted. Hence, partial success is not an option. Either the entire hierarchy is locked or no resources are locked. If no Depth header is submitted on a LOCK request then the request must act as if a "Depth:infinity" had been submitted. 8.10.5 Interaction with other Methods The interaction of a LOCK with various methods is dependent upon the lock type. However, independent of lock type, a successful DELETE of a resource must cause all of its locks to be removed. 8.10.6 Lock Compatibility Table The table below describes the behavior that occurs when a lock request is made on a resource. Current lock state / Lock request Shared Lock Exclusive Lock None True True Shared Lock True False Exclusive Lock False False* Legend: True = lock may be granted. False = lock must not be granted. *=It is illegal for a principal to request the same lock twice. The current lock state of a resource is given in the leftmost column, and lock requests are listed in the first row. The intersection of a row and column gives the result of a lock request. For example, if a shared lock is held on a resource, and an exclusive lock is requested, the table entry is "false", indicating the lock must not be granted. 8.10.7 Status Codes 200 (OK) - The lock request succeeded and the value of the lockdiscovery property is included in the body. 412 (Precondition Failed) - The included lock token was not enforceable on this resource or the server could not satisfy the request in the lockinfo XML element. 423 (Locked) - The resource is locked, so the method has been rejected. 8.10.8 Example - Simple Lock Request >>Request LOCK /workspace/webdav/proposal.doc HTTP/1.1 Host: webdav.sb.aol.com Timeout: Infinite, Second-4100000000 Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@webdav.sb.aol.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Infinity http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html Second-604800 opaquelocktoken:e71d4fae-5dec-22d6-fea5-00a0c91e6be4 This example shows the successful creation of an exclusive write lock on resource http://webdav.sb.aol.com/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc. The resource http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html contains contact information for the owner of the lock. The server has an activity-based timeout policy in place on this resource, which causes the lock to automatically be removed after 1 week (604800 seconds). Note that the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. 8.10.9 Example - Refreshing a Write Lock >>Request LOCK /workspace/webdav/proposal.doc HTTP/1.1 Host: webdav.sb.aol.com Timeout: Infinite, Second-4100000000 If: () Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@webdav.sb.aol.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." >>Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Infinity http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html Second-604800 opaquelocktoken:e71d4fae-5dec-22d6-fea5-00a0c91e6be4 This request would refresh the lock, resetting any time outs. Notice that the client asked for an infinite time out but the server choose to ignore the request. In this example, the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. 8.10.10 Example - Multi-Resource Lock Request >>Request LOCK /webdav/ HTTP/1.1 Host: webdav.sb.aol.com Timeout: Infinite, Second-4100000000 Depth: infinity Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@webdav.sb.aol.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://webdav.sb.aol.com/webdav/secret HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden http://webdav.sb.aol.com/webdav/ HTTP/1.1 424 Failed Dependency This example shows a request for an exclusive write lock on a collection and all its children. In this request, the client has specified that it desires an infinite length lock, if available, otherwise a timeout of 4.1 billion seconds, if available. The request entity body contains the contact information for the principal taking out the lock, in this case a web page URL. The error is a 403 (Forbidden) response on the resource http://webdav.sb.aol.com/webdav/secret. Because this resource could not be locked, none of the resources were locked. Note also that the lockdiscovery property for the Request-URI has been included as required. In this example the lockdiscovery property is empty which means that there are no outstanding locks on the resource. In this example, the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. 8.11 UNLOCK Method The UNLOCK method removes the lock identified by the lock token in the Lock-Token request header from the Request-URI, and all other resources included in the lock. If all resources which have been locked under the submitted lock token can not be unlocked then the UNLOCK request must fail. Any DAV compliant resource which supports the LOCK method must support the UNLOCK method. 8.11.1 Example - UNLOCK >>Request UNLOCK /workspace/webdav/info.doc HTTP/1.1 Host: webdav.sb.aol.com Lock-Token: Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@webdav.sb.aol.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." >>Response HTTP/1.1 204 No Content In this example, the lock identified by the lock token "opaquelocktoken:a515cfa4-5da4-22e1-f5b5-00a0451e6bf7" is successfully removed from the resource http://webdav.sb.aol.com/workspace/webdav/info.doc. If this lock included more than just one resource, the lock is removed from all resources included in the lock. The 204 (No Content) status code is used instead of 200 (…
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